聚乙烯生产生命周期评价的研究

生命周期评价是一种对产品、生产工艺以及活动对环境的压力进行评价的客观过程。文章以我国东北某大型石化企业为案例,运用生命周期评价方法对聚乙烯生产生命周期中的环境协调性进行了研究,并对其污染物产生的环境影响潜值进行量化估算。评价结果表明:生产1t聚乙烯能源消耗为32.3×106kJ,环境影响负荷为701.9标准人当量。其中,轻烃、石脑油裂解及裂解气分离工序是释放污染物的最主要工序,光化学烟雾是最大的环境潜在影响,有必要采取措施降低聚乙烯生产过程中的环境负荷。     

不同粒径易自燃煤常温氧化实验研究*

为探究易自燃煤在常温条件下的氧化特性,自行设计煤常温封闭氧化实验装置,采用实验研究与回归分析2种方法,分析易自燃煤发生氧化反应的气体变化过程,探究3种粒径煤样在20 ℃有限空间内的耗氧与产气特征。结果表明:易自燃煤样在16 d常温封闭氧化过程中,容器内O2体积浓度呈指数衰减、CO和CO2体积浓度呈指数增长的变化规律;在0.06~0.83 mm范围内,粒径越大,易自燃煤耗氧速率越大,CO和CO2产生速率则先增大后减小;介于中间的粒径为0.13~0.25 mm易自燃煤氧化反应最强烈,更容易发生氧化。研究结果对揭示生产环境温度下煤粒粒径对煤自燃的影响有一定的意义。     

健全和完善铁路运输安全法制体系的思考

笔者以《铁路法》、《安全生产法》为基础,分析了我国铁路安全法制建设的现状,提出铁路安全法制化建设的基本原则,并就创新完善铁路安全管理机制、健全科学的铁路安全管理体系、完善铁路运输安全法制管理的具体内容等进行初步探讨,同时就加快铁路安全法制化建设提出几点建议。     

玉米秸秆发酵浸出液模拟废水发酵产氢的放大实验研究

在20L的半连续流发酵罐中,以牛粪堆肥为产氢菌源,按照玉米秸秆发酵浸出液的主要成份配制模拟废水,考察和分析了几个关键环境因素对发酵产氢的影响。结果表明,HRT、C/N、Fe2+浓度和模拟废水浓度对发酵产氢均有不同程度的影响。在本实验条件下,秸秆模拟废水的氢产量、氢浓度和产氢速率分别为11.80mol/kg、56%和8.81L/(L?d),底物转化率大于90%,废水中COD去除率为39.40%。在整个发酵产氢过程,液相主要发酵副产物为丁酸、乙酸和丙酸以及少量的乙醇和丁醇。     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

清洁生产在企业实施过程中面临的主要问题及对策

从1989年联合国环境署(UNEP)首次提出清洁生产的概念,到1999年国家进行清洁生产试点,并于2003正式实施《中华人民共和国清洁生产促进法》,清洁生产已成为中国企业污染防治工作的重要内容.实践表明:清洁生产的推行虽然取得了一定的成果,但由于缺乏相应的实施清洁生产的政策、法规、资金、技术等,当前企业清洁生产的实施进展得还比较缓慢.要进一步推行清洁生产,还需要完善制度,制定一定的对策,如:落实清洁生产优惠制度,大力研发清洁生产技术,完善相应的法规和政策等.只有这样,才能使企业积极、主动、长久地推进和实施清洁生产.     

热纤维梭菌不同菌株的纤维素降解和酒精生产能力

以高温厌氧细菌热纤维梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum LQRI和VPI菌株)和嗜热厌氧乙醇菌(Thermoanaerobacterethanolicus X514和39E菌株)为对象,以不同浓度纤维素为底物,分析了热纤维梭菌不同菌株的纤维素降解和酒精生产能力.结果表明,在热纤维梭菌纯培养体系中,LQRI对纤维素的降解能力明显高于VPI,前者约为后者的1.2倍,但两者的酒精生产能力没有显著差异,LQRI在1%纤维素条件下酒精终浓度约为12 mmol/L,VPI约为10 mmol/L.随着底物纤维素浓度的增加(1%、2%、5%),两者对纤维素降解和酒精生产能力均呈明显下降趋势.在热纤维梭菌和嗜热厌氧乙醇菌混合培养体系中,LQRI对纤维素的降解能力明显高于VPI,前者约为后者的1.28～1.58倍.随着底物浓度的增加,两者的纤维素降解率均逐渐下降,但热纤维梭菌对纤维素降解的绝对数值还受到其它混合培养菌种的影响.此外,LQRI+Thermoanaerobacter混合培养体系的酒精生产能力明显高于VPI+Thermoanaerobacter,前者约为后者的1.27～1.77倍.随着底物浓度的增加,混合培养体系酒精生产能力没有明显下降趋势.     

北京地区2003～2007年人类活动氮累积状况研究

人类活动引起的生态系统的氮输入和累积对区域环境特别是水环境有着潜在的重要影响.引入人类活动净氮累积的概念(net anthropogenic nitrogen accumulation,NANA),将NANA定义为人类活动氮的输入和输出之差,它是通过大气沉降、肥料应用、人类食物和动物饲料、氮固定和河流的累积这五项来计算...     

Nitrate leaching under vegetable field above a shallow aquifer in Slovenia

In the search for new technologies that would ensure optimum yield and environmental sustainability, various irrigation, nitrogen and cropping system management strategies for the production of vegetables with a shorter growing period were assessed at a benchmark site in Slovenia for the years 2006 and 2007. In the studied years four irrigation and fertilization treatments were applied: (1) 50% drip irrigation of plants water requirements ET_crop and the farmer's practice of fertilisation (broadcasting), (2) fertilisation and 100% drip irrigation (fertigation), (3) the farmer's practice of irrigation (sprinkler irrigation using water stored in plastic tanks) and fertilisation, and (4) control (the farmer's practice of irrigation but no fertilisation). An equivalent of 80, 80 and 200 kg ha⁻¹ of nitrogen (N), 50, 50 and 80 kg ha⁻¹ of phosphorous (P) and 120, 120 and 300 kg ha⁻¹ of potassium (K) was added for iceberg lettuce, endive and cabbage, respectively. Nitrogen (N) labelled fertilizer (¹⁵N) was applied to trace the movement of the applied N fertiliser. The tested irrigation and fertilisation techniques for the production of vegetables with a shorter growing period in the Slovenian climate showed that environmentally sustainable practices (split application of nutrients compared to broadcast incorporating fertilisation) should be a practice of choice in water protection zones. The results confirm that fertigation and improved irrigation scheduling can be an effective way of minimizing nitrate leaching, and should be considered for vegetable production in or close to groundwater protection zones.     

Is the Swedish environmental technology sector ‘green’?

The Environmental technology (ET) sector delivers environmentally preferably products. Little is known about whether companies in the ET sector set environmental objectives relating to their own production processes. This paper presents results from an online survey on environmental work in enterprises listed by the Swedish Environmental Technology Council (Swentec). The survey found that depending on the specific subsector, only between 21% and 45% of companies provide information about their environmental work on their website. This paper proposes environmental aspects of production and products as bases for corporate greening and for defining ‘green’ and ‘green-green’ business and identifies three main motivations for the companies within ET sector to operate as ‘green-green’ businesses: ‘competitive advantage’, ‘environmental responsibility’ and ‘environmental leadership’.